Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV- 2 in children of school-going age in district Swabi, Pakistan

Introduction: Earlier estimates of SARS-CoV- 2 do not accurately account for the extent of undiagnosed infections in children, who typically experience mild or asymptomatic disease. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV- 2 antibodies in children from District Swabi, one of the populous districts of Pakistan, and to identify symptoms most frequently associated with seropositivity. Methodology: We used ELISA to test for the presence of antibodies, IgM and IgG, in blood samples collected from 246 children of school-going age (5-16 years old) selected randomly from the district of Swabi, Pakistan. This study was approved by Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Ethical Board, and Advanced Studies Review Board. Data were collected on a purposefully built questionnaire. Result(s): Overall, 2.0% of our participants were seropositive for IgM, whereas 23.1% were seropositive for IgG. Older age, female gender, and contact history were significantly associated with higher seropositivity. Symptoms associated with seropositivity were: fever (98.0%), cough (90.0%), sore throat (79.0%), coryza (68.0%), myalgia (61.0%), loss of sense of smell and taste (49.0%), and vomiting or diarrhoea (8.0%). Although 77.6% of our IgG seropositive participants recalled experiencing flu-like symptoms, none of the participants in this study had visited the doctor or were tested for SARS-COV- 2. We found IgG titres to be significantly higher in symptomatic children. Conclusion(s): The number of undiagnosed infections in children may be substantially larger than the official accounts. Sparse data are available regarding coronavirus disease in children, particularly in low middle-income countries (LMIC). The most frequently symptoms were fever, cough, sore throat, coreza, myalgia, loss of sense of smell and taste and lastly vomiting and diarrhoea. Serological studies provide valuable insight into the immunological status of a population, and can prove vital when considering future strategies.

A Systematic Literature Review of Deep Learning Algorithms for Segmentation of the COVID-19 Infection

Coronavirus has infected more than 753 million people, ranging in severity from one person to another, where more than six million infected people died worldwide. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) with artificial intelligence (AI) showed outstanding performance in effectively diagnosing this virus in real-time. Computed tomography is a complementary diagnostic tool to clarify the damage of COVID-19 in the lungs even before symptoms appear in patients. This paper conducts a systematic literature review of deep learning methods for classifying the segmentation of COVID-19 infection in the lungs. We used the methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow method. This research aims to systematically analyze the supervised deep learning methods, open resource datasets, data augmentation methods, and loss functions used for various segment shapes of COVID-19 infection from computerized tomography (CT) chest images. We have selected 56 primary studies relevant to the topic of the paper. We have compared different aspects of the algorithms used to segment infected areas in the CT images. Limitations to deep learning in the segmentation of infected areas still need to be developed to predict smaller regions of infection at the beginning of their appearance.

COVID-19 and connectedness between Sustainable and Islamic equity markets

Because of the increasing importance of and demand for ethical investment, this paper investigates the dynamics of connectedness between sustainable and Islamic investment in nineteen countries that represent developed and emerging financial markets worldwide. To this end, we apply models proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz and Barunik and Krehlik to explore the overall and frequency-based connectedness between selected ethical investments. Our results reveal evidence of a moderate to strong intra country-level connectedness between sustainable and Is-lamic investment and limited cross-country connectedness between ethical investments. The time-varying connectedness analysis suggests enhanced connectedness during periods of market-wide turmoil, such as the European debt crisis, the Chinese financial crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the COVID-19 subsample analysis shows an enhanced and idiosyncratic country-level and cross-country connectedness structure between ethical investments, indicating the evolving nature of the relationship between sustainable and Islamic investment. Copyright (c) 2022 Borsa Istanbul Anonim S,irketi . Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Nutrigenetics and nutrition aspects in COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19, is a global pandemic and is facing unprecedented challenges. The introduction of several precautions during the pandemic, such as lockdown and long-term isolation, might result in the adoption of poor dietary habits, raising the medium-term risk of noncommunicable diseases. Determining the impact of nutrition is crucial since dietary habits may prevent both nutritional disorders and act as an immunostimulant, assisting in the prevention, treatment, and recovery of patients with viral infections, particularly those with COVID-19. Although there are various medications such as antiviral drugs, interferons, etc., and vaccines to combat COVID-19 but they all have many limitations. There is a high need to move towards a more promising approach to cure this illness. Nutrigenetics involves determining how nutrients and other food ingredients affect gene regulation and gene expression. Nutrigenetics help in identifying a person's unique nutritional needs based on their genetic makeup and the relationship between diet and chronic diseases, which will aid in understanding the etiology of chronic illnesses like cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. For the proper functioning of immune function, a healthy and balanced diet is very necessary. The consumption of macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (vitamins;D, C, E, folate, B6, B12, and minerals;zinc, copper, iron, and selenium) are essential for the normal functioning of the immune function and increased resistance to viral infections such as COVID-19. Gut microbiota plays a very important role in the regulation of the immune system and hence in various viral infections. It has been observed that people suffering from intestinal dysbiosis are more linked to chronic diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases and are at higher risks of COVID-19. The human microbiome is supported by dietary and host-derived nutrients, enabling its survival. Because changes in diet can impact the composition of bacteria in the gut, changes in the microbiota can be linked to changes in nutrition. A number of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been reported to significantly reduce the severity of viral infections as well as enhance intestinal health and general immunity. In conclusion, nutrigenetics is crucial for proper immune functioning and can be a vital tool for boosting the immune system and helping to fight against viral infections such as COVID-19. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Computational Modeling of Reaction-Diffusion COVID-19 Model Having Isolated Compartment

Cases of COVID-19 and its variant omicron are raised all across the world. The most lethal form and effect of COVID-19 are the omicron version, which has been reported in tens of thousands of cases daily in numerous nations. Following WHO (World health organization) records on 30 December 2021, the cases of COVID-19 were found to be maximum for which boarding individuals were found 1,524,266, active, recovered, and discharge were found to be 82,402 and 34,258,778, respectively. While there were 160,989 active cases, 33,614,434 cured cases, 456,386 total deaths, and 605,885,769 total samples tested. So far, 1,438,322,742 individuals have been vaccinated. The coronavirus or COVID-19 is inciting panic for several reasons. It is a new virus that has affected the whole world. Scientists have introduced certain ways to prevent the virus. One can lower the danger of infection by reducing the contact rate with other persons. Avoiding crowded places and social events with many people reduces the chance of one being exposed to the virus. The deadly COVID-19 spreads speedily. It is thought that the upcoming waves of this pandemic will be even more dreadful. Mathematicians have presented several mathematical models to study the pandemic and predict future dangers. The need of the hour is to restrict the mobility to control the infection from spreading. Moreover, separating affected individuals from healthy people is essential to control the infection. We consider the COVID-19 model in which the population is divided into five compartments. The present model presents the population's diffusion effects on all susceptible, exposed, infected, isolated, and recovered compartments. The reproductive number, which has a key role in the infectious models, is discussed. The equilibrium points and their stability is presented. For numerical simulations, finite difference (FD) schemes like nonstandard finite difference (NSFD), forward in time central in space (FTCS), and Crank Nicolson (CN) schemes are implemented. Some core characteristics of schemes like stability and consistency are calculated. © 2023 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.

Common mental disorders among high school students during COVID-19 pandemic with online education satisfaction level in Pakistan

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of common mental disorders among high school students and their online education satisfaction levels in Pakistan. Study Design: It was an observational, cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study took place among students registered across various high schools at different cities in Pakistan. The duration of the study was about six months from January 2021 to June 2021. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted across different high schools in Pakistan. For a total of 275 selected study participants, structured and validated questionnaires were used to determine the common mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and Psychosis. Chi square was used to determine the association between the satisfaction levels of online learning with mental disorders. Results: Among students 28% and 34. 7% and 32%, suffered from severe anxiety, depression and Psychotic disorder respectively. The relationship of severe depression (r=0.7 (p=0.001)), severe anxiety (r=0.6 (p=0.036)) and severe psychotic (r=0.8 (p=0.002)) disorder had significant strong relationship with student's satisfaction with online classes. Conclusion: High levels of mental disorders among students during the pandemic and low satisfaction with online learning were common among students due to stress. It is recommended that the mental level of students should be monitored, and counseling services should be provided.

Enhancing the organisation and the management of built environment higher education courses

PurposePersistent critical issues in built environment higher education (BEHE) curricula may need to be addressed by improving course organisation and management. In addition to the implications of the COVID pandemic, issues such as inadequate communication and lack of contemporary and innovative practices integrated with course delivery have resulted in a gap for Course organisation and management. The purpose of this study is to recommend a set of drivers that can assist academics and academic institutions in improving course development, organisation and management in the BEHE context. Thus, the study focused on three themes: course organisation and administration, timetabling and course communication. Design/methodology/approachA systematic approach was taken to obtain data, where a documental analysis and a close-ended questionnaire were adopted as data collection instruments. The documental analysis considered 334 mid module reviews (MMRs) generating data from architecture, construction management, civil engineering, surveying and real estate students. Content analysis was used to identify critical themes within the MMRs and develop a closed-ended questionnaire. Twenty academics from each discipline completed the questionnaire. Eight drivers were developed from the data obtained from both MMRs and questionnaires. Content analysis and interpretive structural modelling were applied to identify the relationship between the drivers. Finally, these drivers were categorised by their level of influence and reliance to highlight how they contributed to improving course organisation and management. FindingsThe study revealed eight drivers that can improve course organisation and management in the BEHE context. The study found that using virtual learning environments and communication are fundamental in course organisation and management. Practical implicationsThis research paper suggests drivers to improve how academics and academic institutions organise and manage courses. The study recommends eight drivers that could be used as a guideline and a best practice as per the level partitioning diagram developed to enhance the course organisation and management in BEHE. Originality/valueThe study proposes a set of drivers to improve course organisation and management in BEHE curricula. Furthermore, insight into how these drivers influence and rely on each driver and their relation with the national student survey theme are novel contributions to the current body of knowledge. The paper further clarifies how they should be implemented for successful course organisation and management, thus, improving the quality of courses in higher education curricula.

Driving Operations Excellence During Covid-19 Pandemic by Capitalizing on Digitalization

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disturbances to the ways businesses operate, and has driven the entire industry to re-evaluate its operations. Although the full impact of the disruption will not be understood for some time, however, many companies are now beginning to re-examine and use lessons learned to become more resilient moving forward. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4.0) in Oil & Gas Industry creates a dynamic landscape where Operational Excellence (OE) strives for stability, quality, and efficiency while continuing to serve an increasingly demanding customer. Operational excellence is a journey, not a sole destination. Operational Excellence is a key strategic enabler to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on shape the business of tomorrow. In line with the company vision of digitalization, a number of initiatives were considered for studies and further evaluations to facilitate remote operations through digitization. Below is list of initiatives those were successfully implemented to promote remote field operations. • Critical equipment like compressors and pumps startup sequences development. • Establish communication of wells subsurface (downhole) sensors with the control room for real time data monitoring. • Development of wells start up sequences to facilities wells startup from control room. • Real time monitoring of wells annulus pressure from control room compared to traditional field monitoring. • Reset of Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESD) from control room instead of field. All of the above proposals have already been implemented. In-house field operations implementation resulted in huge Capital as well as Operating Expenditure saving. By enhancing remote operations, essential benefits are achieved including capability to faster and more effective decision-making and improved HSE measures. • Enhance production and reservoir optimization by real time data monitoring and troubleshooting. • Enhanced well integrity by real time annulus pressure monitoring. • Enhanced HSE by eliminating Confined Space Entries (CSEs) and exposure to toxic H2S. • Reduction and operating expenditure (OPEX) • Reduced dependency on human leading to less human error. • Reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX) • Enhanced life of critical equipment Operational Excellence played its role with a value improvement objective. Rather than replacing successful practices and programs, Operational Excellence knitted them into a larger, fully integrated tapestry woven to increase value produced within the overall business strategy which is very evident in this scenario. This case study is blend of Digitalization, Operations Excellence and innovation representing Management support to employee to solve current issues during COVID-19 pandemic. Such support is always beneficial for the company and employees. Copyright © 2022, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, two point observational study from a tertiary care center of low middle income country

Introduction: COVID-19 impacted lives of people globally, especially with chronic conditions like Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Since its emergence and increase, pandemic restrictions were imposed in Pakistan too to counter infection and prevent spread. This situation posed challenges for T1DM children causing significant lifestyle changes, psychosocial distress, difficult medication access, monitoring, and physician follow-up. This study was planned to see how restrictions and adjustments in health care affected T1DM children by comparing glycemic control prior to and following pandemic. Objective(s): To evaluate impact of COVID-19 on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Method(s): A 2 point observational cross sectional study was done in 139 T1DM children 10-18 years enrolled in pediatric endocrine clinic of Aga Khan University with disease duration >6 months. Demographics, clinic visits (pre and during pandemic) last HbA1c value before and last value during pandemic were recorded in structured questionnaire at 2 time points (Post pandemic face to face interview between Feb and April 2022 at follow up visit, pre pandemic data from hospital medical records between Sep 2019 and Feb 2020). Paired t-test was used to compare HbA1c values and number of clinic visits before and after. Result(s): Out of 139 patients, 45% were male, 55% females. Mean age was 13.7 years. Mean HbA1c value increased from 8.7% during 6 months preceding pandemic restrictions to 9.5% during pandemic and difference was statistically significant (p-value 0.002) using paired T test. Mean clinic visits reduced from 3 visits/year pre-COVID to 1 visit/year during pandemic. This difference was also statistically significant (p value 0.000). Conclusion(s): This study demonstrates significantly negative impact of pandemic on glycemic control of children with T1DM, a chronic condition requiring regular monitoring and follow-up. Barriers in continuity of healthcare due to restrictions reflected by less clinic visits during pandemic highlights importance of telemedicine services as well.

Comparative Study of Clinical and Radiological Profile and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients with and without Co-morbidities: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) had devastating effects on the healthcare and economic sector worldwide. India stands second in the list of most number of COVID-19 cases. Most of the deaths due to COVID-19 were seen in patients with associated co-morbidities like hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and obesity. This study would like to examine specific co-morbidities in relation to the COVID-19 disease progression and outcomes. Aim(s): To compare the clinicoradiological profile and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with and without co-morbidities (diabetes and hypertension). Material(s) and Method(s): The present observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh between June 2020 to September 2020, after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval. A total of 148 patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. The COVID-19 patients admitted in the hospital were divided into four groups as those having only diabetes, only hypertension, both diabetes and hypertension, and those without any co-morbidities. Those with any other co-morbidity were excluded from the study. The general clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, disease severity, morbidity and mortality were compared among various groups and the data was analysed. Categorical data were analysed using the Chi-square test. Result(s): A total of 148 patients with COVID-19 were included in the study, of which 26 patients were diabetic, 36 were hypertensive, 24 were both hypertensive and diabetic and 62 patients didn't had any significant co-morbidity. Severe COVID-19 disease was most commonly observed in those with diabetes (n=14) (53.8%). The highest proportion of patients requiring oxygen (84.6%) and Non Invasive Ventilator (NIV) support (46.1%) was also seen among diabetics. The presence of diabetes, severe disease and leukocytosis at presentation increased the risk of mortality. The association of hypertension with COVID-19 does not seem to affect the in-hospital mortality. Conclusion(s): COVID-19 in diabetics is associated with both increased risk of severe disease and increased odds of death. In diabetics, those with uncontrolled diabetes were more prone to severe disease and death than those with good glycaemic control. Hypertension, on the other hand, showed no association. Copyright © 2022 Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved.

Animated line, bar, and bubble plots for better COVID case analysis

The novel coronavirus has become a worldwide threat, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Epidemiological data studies including their trends and patterns of ongoing cases are needed for a better holistic plan to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory study presents an effort to develop various animated plots of the spread of worldwide COVID-19 disease in sequential time frames from different geographical areas, based on open datasets from Johns Hopkins University using R programming. The animated plot presents different cases obtained from worldwide data and has significant risks in its locality for taking appropriate control actions to adapt to new control measures. The COVID-19 cases data at country and provincial levels in spreadsheets are not sufficiently presented for epidemic situations to take appropriate control measures unless they are visualized in plots using animated plots with daily, monthly, and annual analysis. A large number of static COVID cases present global general information rather than dynamic trends and patterns of COVID cases in the locality. Therefore, dynamic animated plots with lines, bars, and bubble plots are very useful to authorities for the prevention of COVID-19 cases at a global level. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reduction in environmental pollution due to lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Delhi-NCR

The Indian government imposed a countrywide lockdown on 25 March 2020 to contain the COVID-19 virus. The lockdown has led to a tremendous economic loss because of the closing of all industries and other activities. However, it has brought a brighter side to environmental quality improvement. This study assesses the influence of lockdown on Delhi-NCR's air and water quality. The earth system rejuvenated during the lockdown. An effort is made to understand the water quality of the Yamuna River in Delhi and the air quality of the Delhi-National Capital Region (Delhi NCR) during the lockdown. In the Yamuna River surrounding Delhi, a reduction of 1-10%, 33-66%, 51%, 45-90%, and 33-82%, respectively, in pH, EC, DO, BOD, and COD has been observed compared to the pre-lockdown. Similarly, the particulate matter concentration reduced by 31-53% in PM10 and 22-48% in PM2.5 during the lockdown of2020 in comparison to the earlier years (2018 and 2019). Hence, the periodic lockdown has positively impacted the air and water quality in Delhi NCR. © 2021, IGI Global.

Seroprevalence of Sars-Cov-2 antibodies among eligible blood donors of Peshawar, Pakistan

Background and objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the associated risk factors among healthy blood donors from Peshawar Pakistan, during the second and third waves of the CO-VID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was conducted on 4047 healthy (with no history or symptoms of COVID-19) blood donors attending regional blood center Peshawar between Nov 2020 and June 2021. Demographic data was collected and donors were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using electrochemilumines-cence immunoassay (ECLIA). Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.27±7.13 and the majority (99%) were males. Overall, 59% (2391/4047) of the blood donors were reactive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. An increasing trend in seropositivity was observed from 45.5% to 64.8% corresponding to the second and third wave of the pandemic in Pakistan. Logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of seropositivity among male donors compared to females. Similarly, in multivariable analysis, the odds ratio for seropositivity among blood types AB, A, and B were, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.3 (CI 95%) times higher compared to blood group O (P-value ≤0.0001). Conclu-sions: Seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors gradually increased during the second and third wave of the pandemic in Pakistan indicating a widespread prevalence of Covid-19 in the general population. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 varies with ABO blood types, with blood group O associated with low risk of infection.

Undergraduate Medical Education during Coronavirus Disease 19: Scope, Practices and Limitations in Developing Countries

Purpose: Coronavirus Disease 19 has highly impacted the education system and created the trend of online classes. To fill in the gap created by lock down and to continue an uninterrupted learning process, educational institutions worldwide started organizing online classes. Although Medical education is mostly practice based but it was not safe to conduct on campus classes. This study aimed at measuring the scope and limitations of online education and the overall impacts of Coronavirus Disease 19 on the medical education system. Methodology: Cross-sectional study. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical committee South Point Hospital. Informed consent was obtained. Self-administered questionnaires were given to the participants. Results: E-Learning opportunities were made available in 98.69% cases;some student forums also participated creating additional opportunities. Out of 260 students, 108 (41.1%) were males and 152 (57.8%) females. 29.3% belonged to Metropolitan Area, 28.9% to District Town, 16.3% to Upazila Town, 24.3% to village and 0.4% to unspecified areas. The quality of internet was reported as excellent, good, fair and poor. Only 1.9% of the students had more than 80% attendance. Zoom was used in 57.8% situations followed by Facebook live (15%) and was least for pre-recorded video upload, YouTube link etc. On investigation about quality of lectures, 8.7% people rated excellent while 75.7% students marked them fair to good and 14.8% rated as poor. 46.8% of students showed satisfaction towards online assessments and 44.5% students were not satisfied. Families of 57.4% respondents faced financial stress. 6.8% faced none whereas 29.3% students faced huge mental stress during Coronavirus Disease 19. Conclusions: E-learning is the new normal during Coronavirus Disease 19 pandemic. Given the opportunity, medical students although benefited a lot but there existed a technological divide. There were also financial and mental stresses to certain extent.

Enhancing quality of teaching in the built environment higher education, UK

Purpose The issues in the current Built Environment Higher Education (BEHE) curricula recognise a critical need for enhancing the quality of teaching. This paper aims to identify the need for a best practice in teaching within BEHE curricula and recommend a set of drivers to enhance the current teaching practices in the Built Environment (BE) education. The study focused on Section 1 of the National Student Survey (NSS) - Teaching on my course, with a core focus on improving student satisfaction, making the subject interesting, creating an intellectually stimulating environment and challenging learners. Design/methodology/approach The research method used in this study is the mixed method, a document analysis consisting of feedback from undergraduate students and a closed-ended questionnaire to the academics in the BEHE context. More than 375 student feedback were analysed to understand the teaching practices in BE and fed forward to developing the closed-ended questionnaire for 23 academics, including a Head of School, a Principal Lecturer, Subject Leads and Lecturers. The data was collected from Architecture, Construction Management, Civil Engineering, Quantity Surveying and Building surveying disciplines representing BE context. The data obtained from both instruments were analysed with content analysis to develop 24 drivers to enhance the quality of teaching. These drivers were then modelled using the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) method to identify their correlation and criticality to NSS Section 1 themes. Findings The study revealed 10 independent, 11 dependent and three autonomous drivers, facilitating the best teaching practices in BEHE. The study further recommends that the drivers be implemented as illustrated in the level partitioning diagrams under each NSS Section 1 to enhance the quality of teaching in BEHE. Practical implications The recommended set of drivers and the level partitioning can be set as a guideline for academics and other academic institutions to enhance the quality of teaching. This could be further used to improve student satisfaction and overall NSS results to increase the rankings of academic institutions. Originality/value New knowledge can be recognised with the ISM analysis and level partitioning diagrams of the recommended drivers to assist academics and academic institutions in developing the quality of teaching.

A new unconditionally stable implicit numerical scheme for fractional diffusive epidemic model

This contribution proposes a numerical scheme for solving fractional parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). One of the advantages of using the proposed scheme is its applicability for fractional and integer order derivatives. The scheme can be useful to get conditions for obtaining a positive solution to epidemic disease models. A COVID-19 mathematical model is constructed, and linear local stability conditions for the model are obtained;afterward, a fractional diffusive epidemic model is constructed. The numerical scheme is constructed by employing the fractional Taylor series approach. The proposed fractional scheme is second-order accurate in space and time and unconditionally stable for parabolic PDEs. In addition to this, convergence conditions are obtained by employing a proposed numerical scheme for the fractional differential equation of susceptible individuals. The scheme is also compared with existing numerical schemes, including the non-standard finite difference method. From theoretical analysis and graphical illustration, it is found that the proposed scheme is more accurate than the so-called existing non-standard finite difference method, which is a method with notably good boundedness and positivity properties.

Knowledge and Practice about COVID-19 among Medical Students

Background: Covid-19 pandemic has brought the world to a standstill where the only hope to end this is the prevention and control of the disease. Medical students hold significant importance in this crisis as being the individuals at increased risk as well as future health care providers. Aim: To assess the knowledge and practice regarding Covid-19 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Lahore Medical and Dental College, Tulspura. The duration of study was three months from Feb 2021 till April 2021 after the approval of synopsis by IRB committee, LMDC. Study Population included final year MBBS students. Sample size was n=113.Sampling technique used was non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire consisting of three sections viz socio demographic characteristics, knowledge and practice about Covid-19. Data entry and analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21. Results: Study participants included 48.7% males and 51.3% females. Most of the students 99.1% were aware of the Covid-19 pandemic. About 99.1% students also knew that it is an infectious disease and 96.5% knew that a virus is the causative agent of Covid-19. However, 84.1% had correct knowledge regarding the incubation period of the disease. Maximum respondents 73.5% believed that everyone is equally susceptible to get infected with Covid-19. Fever and cough are the most common symptoms of the disease and internet and electronic media are most common source of information regarding Covid-19. Majority 46% of respondents did not adopt good practice of regular washing of hands. Nearly 63.7% ate healthy food and 73.5% maintained healthy life style focusing on outbreak Conclusion: The medical students had adequate basic knowledge regarding the disease, electronic media and internet being the most common source of knowledge. The practices of mask wearing and adoption of healthy lifestyle were widely adopted yet the practice of hand hygiene and reduced social mobility was poorly conducted.

Epidemiology of sleeping disorders among doctors during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Introduction: Novel coronavirus disease or COVID-19, an acute respiratory illness caused by a newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in December 2019. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the epidemiology of sleeping disorders among doctors during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore during June 2021 to December 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Among the topics covered in the survey were questions regarding the quality of one's night's sleep, where one keeps infection control supplies, how one copes with stress and depression, how one learns about COVID-19 on the internet, how one views risk, and other personal information. The survey was completed over the internet. Results: The data was collected from 200 patients. Over half (55.0 percent) were married and under the age of 35. (49.1%). The majority of respondents (57.8%) spend more than two hours a day on social media. The great majority of them came from the upper echelons of the workforce. There were 38.3%, 29.8%, and 29.1%, respectively, of those who reported a worse sleep quality following the onset of COVID-19, according to their weighted proportions. Conclusion: It is concluded that COVID-19 is widely spreading in Pakistani doctors. Mental health disorders and poor sleep quality are more widespread in the medical field because of the heightened danger of exposure during pandemic illnesses.

Cardiac Symptoms in Disguise;The Potential Effects of Covid-19 on Heart Tissues and the need for Warning Cardiologists

Healthcare professionals throughout the world face a brand-new issue as SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered coronavirus, spreads around the world. The study's primary goal is to find out how COVID-19 affects cardiac patients, as well as any potential effects on heart tissue and whether cardiologists should be notified. Faisalabad Medical University conducted this descriptive investigation between September 2021 and December 2021. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science articles published up to June 20th, 2021, were used in this inquiry. Also checked for additional relevant research were referenced references from previously published articles and reviews. People with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) have a greater vulnerability to contracting COVID-19, and as a result, their condition is more severe, and their prognosis is worse. Several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) hurt the health of these individuals, but they do not appear to increase the chance of infection. The prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in 1527 COVID-19 patients was 9.7 percent, 16.4 percent, and 17.1 percent, respectively, according to a meta-analysis of six published studies from China. Patients with COVID-19 are more likely to have pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or develop new heart dysfunction throughout their illness, based on the illness's striking clinical presentation and its considerable burden.